Cancer immunotherapy is a validated and critically important approach for treating patients
with cancer. Given the vast research and clinical investigation efforts dedicated to advancing …

BACKGROUND: Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is an established, minimally invasive
treatment for specific types of cancer. During PDT, reactive oxygen species (ROS) are …

The immune system is a fascinating world of cells, soluble factors, interacting cells, and
tissues, all of which are interconnected. The highly complex nature of the immune system …

Immunotherapy has demonstrated impressive outcomes for some patients with cancer.
However, selecting patients who are most likely to respond to immunotherapy remains a …

Highlights•Tumor immune escape compromises the efficacy of cancer immunotherapy.•Loss
of MHC class I expression is a frequent event in cancer cells.•Three tumor phenotypes …

Vaccination was first pioneered in the 18th century by Edward Jenner and eventually led to
the development of the smallpox vaccine and subsequently the eradication of smallpox. The …

Natural killer T (NKT) cells are a subset of CD1d-restricted T cells at the interface between
the innate and adaptive immune system. NKT cells can be subdivided into functional …

Vaccination is an innovative strategy for cancer treatment by leveraging various components
of the patients' immunity to boost an anti-tumor immune response. Rationally designed …

Tumours can escape T‐cell responses by losing major histocompatibility complex
(MHC)/human leucocyte antigen (HLA) class I molecules. In the early stages of cancer …

B7-H1 is an immunoglobulin-like immune suppressive molecule broadly detectable on the
majority of human and rodent cancers, and its functions have been attributed to delivering …