Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) is a malignant tumour arising from the biliary system. In Europe,
this tumour frequently presents as a sporadic cancer in patients without defined risk factors …

Organoids derived from adult stem cells (ASCs) and pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) are
important preclinical models for studying cancer and developing therapies. Here, we review …

Background Immunotherapy with immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) is being explored to
improve cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) therapy. However, it remains difficult to predict which ICI …

3D patient tumor avatars (3D-PTAs) hold promise for next-generation precision medicine.
Here, we describe the benefits and challenges of 3D-PTA technologies and necessary …

Organoids are established through in vitro 3D culture, and they can mimic the structure and
physiological functions of organs or tissues in vivo. Organoids have attracted much attention …

Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) is a rare malignancy that develops at any point along the biliary
tree. CCA has a poor prognosis, its clinical management remains challenging, and effective …

Hepatocellular carcinoma is one of the malignancies worldwide with a high mortality rate
and an increasing incidence. Molecular Targeted agents are its common first-line treatment …

Inter-and intra-tumor heterogeneity is a major hurdle in primary liver cancer (PLC) precision
therapy. Here, we establish a PLC biobank, consisting of 399 tumor organoids derived from …

Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) is a type of liver cancer with an aggressive phenotype and
dismal outcome in patients. The metastasis of CCA cancer cells to distant organs, commonly …

Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) is a biliary tree malignancy with a dismal prognosis. Tumor
microenvironment (TME), including cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) has been shown to …