The renin angiotensin system (RAS) produced hormone peptides regulate many vital body
functions. Dysfunctional signaling by receptors for RAS peptides leads to pathologic states …

This paper is the 28th consecutive installment of the annual review of research concerning
the endogenous opioid system, now spanning over a quarter-century of research. It …

For decades, angiotensin (Ang) II was considered as the end product and the only bioactive
peptide of the renin–angiotensin system (RAS). However, later studies revealed biological …

Hemorphins are atypical endogenous opioid peptides produced by the cleavage of
hemoglobin beta chain. Several studies have reported the therapeutic potential of …

Legionella pneumophila, the agent of Legionnaires' disease, is an intracellular parasite of
aquatic amoebae and human macrophages. A key factor for L. pneumophila in intracellular …

It is becoming evident that several aminopeptidases belonging to the M1 family such as
aminopeptidase A (APA), placental leucine aminopeptidase (P-LAP), and adipocyte-derived …

The insulin-regulated aminopeptidase (IRAP) localized in areas of the brain associated with
memory and learning is emerging as a new promising therapeutic target for the treatment of …

The peptides angiotensin IV and LVV-hemorphin 7 were found to enhance memory in a
number of memory tasks and reverse the performance deficits in animals with …

The hexapeptide angiotensin IV (Ang IV) is a metabolite of angiotensin II (Ang II) and plays a
central role in the brain. It was reported more than two decades ago that …

Insulin stimulates glucose storage and metabolism by the tissues of the body, predominantly
liver, muscle and fat. Storage in muscle and fat is controlled to a large extent by the rate of …