Background Sharing of equipment used for injecting drug use (IDU) is a substantial cause of
disease burden and a contributor to blood-borne virus transmission. We did a global …

We summarise the evidence for medicinal uses of opioids, harms related to the extramedical
use of, and dependence on, these drugs, and a wide range of interventions used to address …

Abstract Background HIV and Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) infections are responsible for a
significant burden of mortality and morbidity, particularly in developing countries. This study …

Background: Stigmatizing attitudes among healthcare providers are an important barrier to
accessing services among people living with HIV (PLHIV). This cross-sectional study aimed …

Abstract Aims In Iran, injecting drug use has been the major route of human
immunodeficiency virus (HIV) transmission. In order to control the HIV epidemic, a harm …

Objective. The aim of this study was to compare impulsivity and risky decision making
among HIV‐positive and negative heroin dependent persons. Methods. We compared …

Abstract Background Prostitutes in Iran are faced with many challenges and problems that
pose risks to their health. Objective The present study is an attempt to identify and narrate …

Black Americans continue to have higher rates of HIV disease than other races/ethnicities.
Conventional individual-level risk behaviors do not fully account for these racial/ethnic …

Hidden populations, such as injecting drug users (IDUs), sex workers (SWs) and men who
have sex with men (MSM), are considered at high risk of contracting and transmitting …

Background Sex work is a growing phenomenon triggered by a number of causes. The
current study uses a qualitative method to investigate the reasons why women participate in …