Ankylosing spondylitis (AS) is a chronic inflammatory disorder of unknown aetiology. Unlike
other systemic autoimmune diseases, in AS, the innate immune system has a dominant role …

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic autoimmune inflammatory disorder that primarily
affects the joints. One hypothesis for the pathogenesis of RA is that disease begins at …

Interleukin-23 (IL-23) is a pro-inflammatory cytokine composed of two subunits, IL-23A (p19)
and IL-12/23B (p40), the latter shared with Interleukin-12 (IL-12). IL-23 is mainly produced …

Entheses are the insertion sites of tendons and ligaments to the bone surface and are
essential structures for locomotion. Inflammation of the entheses (enthesitis) is a key feature …

Mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells are unique innate-like T cells that bridge innate
and adaptive immunity. They are activated by conserved bacterial ligands derived from …

The emerging concept of microbiota contributing to local mucosal homeostasis has fueled
investigation into its specific role in immunology. Gut microbiota is mostly responsible for …

Gut inflammation is strongly associated with spondyloarthritis (SpA), as exemplified by the
high prevalence of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and the even higher occurrence of …

Interleukin-17 (IL-17) is a cytokine which elicits protection against extracellular bacterial and
fungal infections and which plays important roles in inflammation. However, when produced …

Axial spondyloarthritis (axSpA) is an inflammatory disease of the axial skeleton associated
with significant pain and disability. Previously, the diagnosis of ankylosing spondylitis …

Over the past 5 years, advances in high-throughput techniques and studies involving large
cohorts of patients have led to considerable advances in the identification of novel genetic …