The intestinal tract is a vital organ responsible for digestion and absorption in the human
body and plays an essential role in pathogen invasion. Compared with other traditional …

Proper functioning of the neural retina relies on the unique retinal environment regulated by
the blood–retinal barrier (BRB), which restricts the passage of solutes, fluids, and toxic …

Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a microvascular disorder characterized by inner blood-retinal
barrier (iBRB) breakdown and irreversible vision loss. While the symptoms of DR are known …

The outer blood–retinal barrier (oBRB) provides an optimal environment for the function of
the photoreceptor by regulating the exchange of molecules between subretinal space and …

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) continue to gain interest across the scientific community for
diagnostic and therapeutic applications. As EV applications diversify, it is essential that …

The vascular system, essential for human physiology, is vital for transporting nutrients,
oxygen, and waste. Since vascular structures are involved in various disease pathogeneses …

Organ-on-chip is a microfluidic device that can reproduce in vitro the minimal functional unit
of an organ or system of organs and model various physiological processes and body …

Dysfunction of the blood-retinal barrier (BRB) contributes to the pathophysiology of several
vascular eye diseases, often resulting in retinal edema and subsequent vision loss. The …

Diabetic retinopathy affects more than 100 million people worldwide and is projected to
increase by 50% within 20 years. Increased blood glucose leads to the formation of …

More than 15 years ago, the results of the pivotal trials supporting the intravitreal use of
ranibizumab were published [1, 2]. The intravitreal application of anti-vascular endothelial …