This review is directed at understanding how neuronal death occurs in two distinct insults,
global ischemia and focal ischemia. These are the two principal rodent models for human …

Neuroprotection for ischemic stroke refers to strategies, applied singly or in combination, that
antagonize the injurious biochemical and molecular events that eventuate in irreversible …

Two-photon imaging and optogenetic stimulation rely on high illumination powers,
particularly for state-of-the-art applications that target deeper structures, achieve faster …

Background and Purpose Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) is a pleiotropic cytokine that
rapidly upregulates in the brain after injury. The present study was designed to explore the …

Autoimmunity to antigens of the central nervous system is usually considered detrimental. T
cells specific to a central nervous system self antigen, such as myelin basic protein, can …

This review analyzes, in some depth, results of studies on the effect of lowered temperatures
on cerebral energy metabolism in animals under normal conditions and in some selected …

Induced hypothermia is proposed as a treatment for acute ischaemic stroke, but there have
been too few clinical trials involving too few patients to draw any conclusions about the …

Cerebral ischemia leads to brain damage caused by pathogenetic mechanisms that are also
activated by neurotrauma. These mechanisms include among others excitotoxicity, over …

Objective Hypothermia has been used for medicinal purposes since ancient times. This
paper reviews the current potential clinical applications for mild hypothermia (32–35° C) …

Background—Moderate elevations of brain temperature, when present during or after
ischemia or trauma, may markedly worsen the resulting injury. We review these provocative …