Nearly all genetic variants that influence disease risk have human-specific origins; however,
the systems they influence have ancient roots that often trace back to evolutionary events …

In this Review, I present evidence supporting a multifactorial causation of childhood acute
lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL), a major subtype of paediatric cancer. ALL evolves in two …

Previous genome-wide scans of positive natural selection in humans have identified a
number of non-neutrally evolving genes that play important roles in skin pigmentation …

The development of type 1 diabetes involves a complex interaction between pancreatic β-
cells and cells of both the innate and adaptive immune systems. Analyses of the interactions …

The primary functions of the gastrointestinal tract have traditionally been perceived to be
limited to the digestion and absorption of nutrients and electrolytes, and to water …

Childhood leukaemia is the principal subtype of paediatric cancer and, despite success in
treatment, its causes remain enigmatic. A plethora of candidate environmental exposures …

Chronic low-grade inflammation associated with obesity contributes to insulin resistance
and type 2 diabetes. Helminth parasites are the strongest natural inducers of type 2 immune …

Worldwide, more than a billion people are infected with helminths. These worm infections
generally do not lead to mortality, however, they are chronic in nature and can lead to …

Abstract Type 1 diabetes (T1D) remains an important health problem, particularly in western
countries, where the incidence has been increasing in younger children. In 1986, Eisenbarth …

Many human genes have adapted to the constant threat of exposure to infectious agents;
according to the “hygiene hypothesis,” lack of exposure to parasites in modern settings …