Central Pattern Generator (CPG) networks, which organize rhythmic movements, have long
served as models for neural network organization. Modulatory inputs are essential …

Systematic research on the physiological and anatomical characteristics of spinal cord
interneurons along with their functional output has evolved for more than one century …

Locomotion is controlled by spinal networks that generate rhythm and coordinate left-right
and flexor-extensor patterning. Defined populations of spinal interneurons have been linked …

Key points• The organization of the spinal circuitry responsible for the generation of
locomotor rhythm and control of locomotion in mammals is largely unknown, though several …

The V2a class of Chx10-expressing interneurons has been implicated in frequency-
dependent control of left–right phase during locomotion in the mouse. We have used the …

Rhythm generation in neuronal networks relies on synaptic interactions and pacemaker
properties. Little is known about the contribution of the latter mechanisms to the integrated …

V3 interneurons (INs) are a major group of excitatory commissural interneurons in the spinal
cord, and they are essential for producing a stable and robust locomotor rhythm. V3 INs are …

Previous studies have shown that a group of ventrally located neurons, designated V2a
interneurons, play a key role in maintaining locomotor rhythmicity and in ensuring …

Vertebrate locomotion must be adaptable in light of changing environmental, organismal,
and developmental demands. Much of the underlying flexibility in the output of central …

Although recovery from spinal cord injury is generally meager, evidence suggests that step
training can improve stepping performance, particularly after neonatal spinal injury. The …