Groundwater is the second largest store of freshwater in the world. The sustainability of the
ecosystem is largely dependent on groundwater availability, and groundwater has already …

Coastal zone is of great importance in the provision of various valuable ecosystem services.
However, it is also sensitive and vulnerable to environmental changes due to high human …

Sea-surface temperature (SST) was one of the first ocean variables to be studied from earth
observation satellites. Pioneering images from infrared scanning radiometers revealed the …

This chapter assesses the causes of observed changes assessed in Chapters 2 to 5 and
uses understanding of physical processes, climate models and statistical approaches. The …

Coastal ecosystems, particularly intertidal wetlands and reefs (coral and shellfish), can play
a critical role in reducing the vulnerability of coastal communities to rising seas and coastal …

Global mean surface warming has stalled since the end of the twentieth century,, but the net
radiation imbalance at the top of the atmosphere continues to suggest an increasingly …

Predicting Near-Term Changes in the Earth System: A Large Ensemble of Initialized Decadal
Prediction Simulations Using the Community Earth System Model in: Bulletin of the American …

An accurate understanding of flood risk and its drivers is crucial for effective risk
management. Detailed risk projections, including uncertainties, are however rarely …

Relative sea/land level changes are fundamental to people living in deltas. Net subsidence
is complex and attributed to tectonics, compaction, sedimentation and anthropogenic …

This chapter considers changes in global mean sea level, regional sea level, sea level
extremes, and waves. Confidence in projections of global mean sea level rise has increased …