We review the general aspects of the concept of temperature in equilibrium and non-
equilibrium statistical mechanics. Although temperature is an old and well-established …

Our understanding of how roots develop in soil may be at the eve of significant
transformations. The formidable expansion of imaging technologies enables live …

Understanding the response of granular matter to intrusion of solid objects is key to
modelling many aspects of behaviour of granular matter, including plastic flow. Here we …

Modeling collective motion in nonconservative systems, such as granular materials, is
difficult since a general microscopic-to-macroscopic approach is not available: there is no …

We experimentally investigate the fluidization of a granular material subject to mechanical
vibrations by monitoring the angular velocity of a vane suspended in the medium and driven …

Considering a granular fluid of inelastic smooth hard spheres, we discuss the conditions
delineating the rheological regimes comprising Newtonian, Bagnoldian, shear thinning, and …

In a continuous fluid, the presence of a velocity gradient perpendicular to the flow creates
shear stress and shear rate between adjacent layers. The fluid's viscosity can be constant …

Rheology of a dilute cohesive granular gas is theoretically and numerically studied. The flow
curve between the shear viscosity and the shear rate is derived from the inelastic Boltzmann …

The frictional properties of disordered systems are affected by external perturbations. These
perturbations usually weaken the system by reducing the macroscopic friction coefficient …

Fluidized granular media have a rich rheology: measuring shear stress $\sigma $ as a
function of shear rate $\dot\gamma $, they exhibit Newtonian behavior $\sigma\sim\dot …