Animal models for learning and memory have significantly contributed to novel strategies for
drug development and hence are an imperative part in the assessment of therapeutics …

Neurotransmitters are the most important messengers of the nervous system, and any
changes in their balances and activities can cause serious neurological, psychiatric and …

Introduction Women are more vulnerable to stress‐related disorders than men, which is
counterintuitive as female sex hormones, especially estrogen, have been shown to be …

Prenatal morphine exposure causes a variety of neurobehavioral alterations observed in
later life. The present study investigated the effects of postnatal exercise and enriched …

Individuals under chronic psychological stress can be difficult to identify clinically. There is
often no outwardly visible phenotype. Chronic stress of sufficient magnitude not only impacts …

A growing body of evidence demonstrates that estrogen and corticosterone (CORT) impact
on cognition and emotion. On the one hand, ovarian hormones may have beneficial effects …

Dehydration impairs cognitive performance in humans and rodents, although studies in
animal models are limited. Estrogens have both protective effects on fluid regulation and …

Visceral feedback from the body plays an important role in guiding motivated behaviors. For
example, sensory information from the gut during a state of negative energy balance …

Menopause affects most physiological processes, including cognitive functions, although,
the extent to which these functions are affected is not clear. The aim of this study was to …

Methods: Adult female Wistar rats were trained in an inhibitory avoidance task (1mA, 3s).
The latency to reenter the dark compartment and also time spent in the dark chamber were …