When protein folding in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is disrupted by alterations in
homeostasis in the ER lumen, eucaryotic cells activate a series of signal transduction …

Abstract Type 2 diabetes (T2DM) is characterized by insulin resistance, defective insulin
secretion, loss of β-cell mass with increased β-cell apoptosis and islet amyloid. The islet …

T-cell activation is a critical event in the organization of effective cellular and humoral
immune responses. Activated T cells are essential for provision of T-cell help, promoting the …

To address the mechanisms of tolerance to extrathymic proteins, we have generated
transgenic mice expressing the lymphocytic choriomeningitis viral (LCMV) glycoprotein (GP) …

DEVELOPMENTS in thyroid autoimmunity have been reviewed in this journal previously (1,
2), but since then there have been major advances in our understanding of the mechanisms …

Death of some cells in the mammalian body is clearly programmed. In the immune system
there are many examples of programmed cell death, during development of lymphocytes as …

The early steps of insulin biosynthesis occur in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), and the β-
cell has a highly developed and active ER. All cells regulate the capacity of their ER to fold …

Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is a chronic autoimmune disease that causes severe loss of
pancreatic β cells. Autoreactive T cells are key mediators of β cell destruction. Studies of …

We investigated the potential association between viruses and insulin-dependent(type 1)
diabetes (IDDM) by developing a transgenic mouse model. By inserting into these mice a …

In presenting a unifying concept for chronic inflammation and lymphoid organogenesis, we
suggest that lymphotoxin's (LT, LT-alpha, TNF-beta) crucial role in these processes is pivotal …