Abstract Four-dimensional printing (4DP) improves material efficiency while enhancing the
performance of the structure when subjected to external stimuli. Integrating stimulus …

Hygroscopic properties of wood have been utilized in adaptive façades to respond to
variation in humidity levels. Shape-shifting materials have been developed to replace …

Natural fibers are moisture-sensitive due to their complex polysaccharidic composition.
Upon moisture intake, they exhibit large hygroexpansion, which is controlled by their …

Abstract 4D Printing is the combination of traditional additive processes with smart materials
and external stimuli. This combination guarantees the printed parts the ability to transform …

In wood science and technology, researchers increasingly focus on the additive
manufacturing in different aspects through assembly, mechanical, and physical …

The depletion of biotic resources in coastal areas is now recognized by the scientific
community. To face this problem, artificial reefs are being developed to save the marine …