COVID-19 is primarily a respiratory disease but up to two thirds of hospitalised patients show
evidence of central nervous system (CNS) damage, predominantly ischaemic, in some …

The blood-brain barrier (BBB) prevents neurotoxic plasma components, blood cells, and
pathogens from entering the brain. At the same time, the BBB regulates transport of …

Microglia/macrophages are the major immune cells involved in the defence against brain
damage. Their morphology and functional changes are correlated with the release of danger …

Microglia are brain resident macrophages originated from primitive progenitor cells in the
yolk sac. Microglia can be activated within hours and recruited to the lesion site …

Traumatic brain injuries (TBIs) account for the majority of injury-related deaths in the United
States with roughly two million TBIs occurring annually. Due to the spectrum of severity and …

Brain inflammation is regarded as one of the leading causes that aggravates secondary
brain injury and hinders the prognosis of ischemic stroke. After ischemic stroke, high …

Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is a devastating subtype of stroke because it has few viable
therapeutic options to intervene against primary or second brain injury. Recently, evidence …

Most acute strokes are ischemic, and subsequent neuroinflammation promotes further
damage leading to cell death but also plays a beneficial role by promoting cellular repair …

In autoimmune neurologic disorders, the blood–brain barrier (BBB) plays a central role in
immunopathogenesis, since this vascular interface is an entry path for cells and effector …

Astrocytes play an essential role in the modulation of blood-brain barrier function.
Neurological diseases induce the transformation of astrocytes into a neurotoxic A1 …