Animals often aid others without gaining any immediate benefits. Although these acts seem
to reduce the donor's fitness, they are only apparently altruistic. Donors typically help …

▪ Abstract Cooperation is common across nonhuman animal taxa, from the hunting of large
game in lions to the harvesting of building materials in ants. Theorists have proposed a …

Significantly revised, the fifth edition of the most complete, accessible text now covers all
three approaches to structural equation modeling (SEM)--covariance-based SEM …

Early investigations of the learning phenomenon focused on the behavior of individual
subjects who were learning-by-doing. These investigations revealed that the time required …

Meta-heuristic algorithms (MH) are naturally inspired global optimization algorithms. They
are often relatively simple and can solve problems in a short period of time, with certain …

Abstract T. Ribot's (1881) law of retrograde amnesia states that brain damage impairs
recently formed memories to a greater extent than older memories, which is generally taken …

Memory may be broadly regarded as information gained from past experience that is
available in the service of ongoing and future adaptive behavior. The biological …

After only about 10 days would the storage capacity of our nervous system be reached if we
stored every bit of input. The nervous system relies on at least two mechanisms that …

Researchers from various disciplines have been pursuing better understanding of learning
and forgetting processes. A range of mathematical models, sometimes based on empirical …

A difficulty in the development and testing of psychological models is that they are typically
evaluated solely on their ability to fit experimental data, with little consideration given to their …