The natural frequency facilitation effect describes the finding that people are better able to
solve descriptive Bayesian inference tasks when represented as joint frequencies obtained …

The purpose of the present review was to evaluate the quality of the research and evidence
base for representation of problems as a strategy to enhance the mathematical performance …

Spatial intelligence concerns the locations of objects, their shapes, their relations, and the
paths they take as they move. Recognition of spatial skills enriches the traditional …

What does it mean to have a visual representation of a mathematical object, concept, or
process? What visualization strategies support growth in mathematical thinking, reasoning …

The standard number system includes several distinct types of notations, which differ
conceptually and afford different procedures. Among notations for rational numbers, the …

The purpose of this study was to examine the word-problem performance and strategies
utilized by 3rd-grade students experiencing mathematics difficulty (MD). We assessed the …

This study compared the effects of delivering a supplemental, small-group tutoring
intervention on the mathematics outcomes of third-grade students at risk for mathematics …

In mathematics education, as in other domains, drawing serves as means to access, assess,
and attend to children's understanding. While theoretical accounts of drawings are often …

Pictures are commonly used to represent problems. However, it is unclear how the addition
of pictures affects students' problem-solving performance. The multimedia effect in problem …

We discuss research on the teaching and learning of uncertainty, with a particular emphasis
on quantifiable aspects as might be represented by probability. We acknowledge earlier …