Human structural congenital malformations are the leading cause of infant mortality in the
United States. Estimates from the United States Center for Disease Control and Prevention …

The treatment of epilepsy in women of reproductive age remains a clinical challenge. While
most women with epilepsy (WWE) require anticonvulsant drugs for adequate control of their …

Living with epilepsy, for the majority of patients, is a continuous cycle of careful monitoring
and attention to health. When coupled with pregnancy, safety becomes the primary focus …

Congenital anomalies and its causes, particularly, by external factors are the aim of the field
called teratology. The external factors studied by teratology are known as teratogens and …

Background: Valproic acid (VPA) is a commonly prescribed drug for those affected by
epilepsy and bipolar disorders. VPA has a well known teratogenic potential, causing a …

Valproic acid (VPA) is a very effective anticonvulsant and mood stabilizer with relatively few
side effects. Being an epigenetic modulator, it undergoes clinical trials for the treatment of …

Aim Abnormally high levels of homocysteine (Hcy) are associated with autism spectrum
disorder. Betaine is a methyl group donor in Hcy metabolism, and is known to prevent …

Carbamazepine (CBZ) is an anticonvulsant drug used for epilepsy and other disorders.
Prescription of CBZ during pregnancy increases the risk for congenital malformations. CBZ …

Valproic acid or valproate (VPA) is an anti-convulsant and mood stabiliser effective in
treating epilepsy and bipolar disorders. Although in adults VPA is well tolerated and safe …

Valproic acid (VPA), an antiepileptic drug, is a teratogen that causes neural tube and axial
skeletal defects, although the mechanisms are not fully understood. We previously …