The interactions between ants and certain sap-feeding insects in the order Hemiptera are
classic examples of food-for-protection mutualisms. In these associations, herbivorous …

Highlights•Honeydew management can contribute to promote biological control of
pests.•Honeydew in cover crops and hedges can increase performance of natural …

Intraspecific genetic diversity is an important component of biodiversity. A substantial body of
evidence has demonstrated positive effects of plant genetic diversity on plant performance …

Lignin is a major component of plant cell walls and a conserved basic defense mechanism
in higher plants deposited in response to aphid infection. However, the molecular …

Genetic variation for partner quality in mutualisms is an evolutionary paradox. One possible
resolution to this puzzle is that there is a tradeoff between partner quality and other fitness …

Ants patrol foliage and exert a strong selective pressure on herbivorous insects, being their
primary predators. As ants are chemically oriented, some organisms that interact with them …

Herbivore suppression is mediated by both plant defenses and predators. In turn, plant
defenses are impacted by soil fertility and interactions with soil bacteria. Measuring the …

There is increasing evidence that climate warming will have both direct and indirect effects
on species. Whereas the direct effects of climate warming represent the proximate …

Highlights•Chemical communication is essential for establishment and maintenance of
mutualism.•Ant-hemipteran mutualistic interaction is mediated by a variety of …

Plant defenses often mediate whether competing chewing and sucking herbivores indirectly
benefit or harm one another. Dual‐guild herbivory also can muddle plant signals used by …