One of the most important achievements of bacteria is its capability to adapt to the changing
conditions of the environment. The competition for nutrients with other microorganisms …

Pathogenic bacteria must withstand diverse host environments during infection.
Environmental signals, such as pH, temperature, nutrient limitation, etc., not only trigger …

It has become increasingly clear that low levels of antibiotics present in many environments
can select for resistant bacteria, yet the evolutionary pathways for resistance development …

Bacteria can rapidly and reversibly respond to changing environments via complex
transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulatory mechanisms. Many of these adaptations …

The fundamental details of how nutritional stress leads to elevating (p) ppGpp are
questionable. By common usage, the meaning of the stringent response has evolved from …

Under conditions of nutrient deprivation or stress, or as cells enter stationary phase,
Escherichia coli and related bacteria increase the accumulation of RpoS, a specialized …

During stress, bacteria undergo extensive physiological transformations, many of which are
coordinated by ppGpp. Although ppGpp is best known for enhancing cellular resilience by …

For an organism to survive, it must be able to sense its environment and regulate
physiological processes accordingly. Understanding how bacteria integrate signals from …

The stringent response to amino acid starvation, whereby stable RNA synthesis is curtailed
in favour of transcription of amino acid biosynthetic genes, is controlled by the alarmone …

Throughout the bacterial domain, the alarmone ppGpp dramatically reprograms transcription
following nutrient limitation. This" stringent response" is critical for survival and antibiotic …