Directed evolution aims to expedite the natural evolution process of biological molecules
and systems in a test tube through iterative rounds of gene diversifications and library …

Directed evolution has revolutionized biomolecular engineering by applying cycles of
mutation, amplification and selection to genes of interest (GOIs). However, classical directed …

Applications of adenine base editors (ABEs) have been constrained by the limited
compatibility of the deoxyadenosine deaminase component with Cas homologs other than …

Prime editing enables a wide variety of precise genome edits in living cells. Here we use
protein evolution and engineering to generate prime editors with reduced size and improved …

The targeting scope of Streptococcus pyogenes Cas9 (SpCas9) and its engineered variants
is largely restricted to protospacer-adjacent motif (PAM) sequences containing G bases …

Base editors use DNA-modifying enzymes targeted with a catalytically impaired CRISPR
protein to precisely install point mutations. Here, we develop phage-assisted continuous …

Mutagenesis provides insight into proteins, but only recently have assays that couple
genotype to phenotype been used to assess the activities of as many as 1 million mutant …

The structure, function, and evolution of proteins depend on physical and genetic
interactions among amino acids. Recent studies have used new strategies to explore the …

To what extent is the convergent evolution of protein function attributable to convergent or
parallel changes at the amino acid level? The mutations that contribute to adaptive protein …

Evolution occurs when selective pressures from the environment shape inherited variation
over time. Within the laboratory, evolution is commonly used to engineer proteins and RNA …