Approximately 1 in 6 infants are born prematurely each year. Typically, these infants spend
25 days in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU) where they experience 10–18 painful …

Rationale and objectives Fear conditioning is an important aspect in the pathophysiology of
anxiety disorders. The fear-potentiated startle test is based on classical fear conditioning …

Rationale Buprenorphine (BPN) has been shown to rapidly improve mood in treatment-
resistant depressed patients in small clinical studies. However, BPN's effects in preclinical …

Emotions can be characterized by dimensions of arousal and valence (pleasantness). While
the functional brain bases of emotional arousal and valence have been actively …

We examined the role of toll-like receptors (TLRs) and proinflammatory cytokine signaling
pathways in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) in anxiety-like behaviors after repeated use of …

The lateral septum (LS) is a structure in the midline of the brain that is interconnected with
areas associated with stress and feeding. This review highlights the role of the LS in anxiety …

Background Abuse of addictive substances is a serious problem that has a significant impact
on areas such as health, the economy, and public safety. Heroin use among young women …

Drug addiction is a major public health concern in the United States costing taxpayers
billions in health care costs, lost productivity and law enforcement. However, the availability …

Abstract Background Compound Valeriana jatamansi Jones is a formula for treating anxiety-
related diseases in the clinic, which is composed of Valeriana jatamansi Rhizoma et Radix …

Objectives Patients who undergo cardiac surgery have an increased risk of delirium.
Currently, there are few choices of treatment for postoperative hyperactive delirium in …