MAPK (mitogen-activated protein kinase) signaling pathways regulate a variety of biological
processes through multiple cellular mechanisms. In most of these processes, such as …

Membranes are essential for life. They act as semi-permeable boundaries that define cells
and organelles. In addition, their surfaces actively participate in biochemical reaction …

Overexpressed tumor-associated antigens [for example, epidermal growth factor receptor
(EGFR) and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)] are attractive targets for …

One of the major challenges in modern biology is to understand how the molecular
components of a living cell operate in a highly noisy environment. What are the specific …

In multicellular organisms, gene regulatory circuits generate thousands of molecularly
distinct, mitotically heritable states through the property of multistability. Designing synthetic …

A fundamental challenge in synthetic biology is to create molecular circuits that can program
complex cellular functions. Because proteins can bind, cleave, and chemically modify one …

Large synthetic genetic circuits require the simultaneous expression of many regulators.
Deactivated Cas9 (dCas9) can serve as a repressor by having a small guide RNA (sgRNA) …

Cells remember their identities, in part, by using epigenetic marks—chemical modifications
placed along the genome. How can mark patterns remain stable over cell generations …

Eukaryotic genes are regulated by multivalent transcription factor complexes. Through
cooperative self-assembly, these complexes perform nonlinear regulatory operations …

Living things benefit from exquisite molecular sensitivity in many of their key processes,
including DNA replication, transcription and translation, chemical sensing, and …