Water, a necessary component of cell protoplasm, plays an essential role in supporting life
on Earth; nevertheless, extreme changes in climatic conditions limit water availability …

Soil salinization is an essential environmental stressor, threatening agricultural yield and
ecological security worldwide. Saline soils accumulate excessive soluble salts which are …

Heavy metals and metalloids (HMs) are environmental pollutants, most notably cadmium,
lead, arsenic, mercury, and chromium. When HMs accumulate to toxic levels in agricultural …

On the world stage, the increase in temperatures due to global warming is already a reality
that has become one of the main challenges faced by the scientific community. Since …

Environmental problems have always received immense attention from scientists. Toxicants
pollution is a critical environmental concern that has posed serious threats to human health …

Global climate change is identified as a major threat to survival of natural ecosystems.
Climate change is a dynamic, multifaceted system of alterations in environmental conditions …

Cadmium (Cd) is an unessential trace element in plants that is ubiquitous in the
environment. Anthropogenic activities such as disposal of urban refuse, smelting, mining …

Climate change is an invisible, silent killer with calamitous effects on living organisms. As
the sessile organism, plants experience a diverse array of abiotic stresses during …

In plants, there is a complex and multilevel network of the antioxidative system (AOS)
operating to counteract harmful reactive species (RS), the foremost important of which are …

Drought and salinity are among the most important environmental factors that hampered
agricultural productivity worldwide. Both stresses can induce several morphological …