The innate immune system is the first line of defense against pathogens, which is initiated by
the recognition of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and endogenous …

The major hindrance in the development and sustainability of aquaculture industry is the
occurrence of various diseases in the farming systems. Today, preventive and management …

Global fish production from aquaculture has rapidly grown over the past decades, and grass
carp shares the largest portion. However, hemorrhagic disease caused by grass carp …

Toll like receptors (TLRs) are present in many different fish families from several different
orders, including cyprinid, salmonid, perciform, pleuronectiform and gadiform …

The retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I)-like receptors (RLR) comprise three homologues:
RIG-I, melanoma differentiation-associated gene 5 (MDA5), and laboratory of genetics and …

In the past decades, global freshwater fish production has been rapidly growing, while
cyprinid takes the largest portion. Along with the rapid rise of novel forms of intensive …

A comprehensive survey of channel catfish Toll-like receptors (TLRs) was undertaken
following a genomic PCR approach based on degenerate primers. Twenty different TLRs …

Real-time quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) has
become one of the most commonly used techniques for RNA expression. To obtain more …

Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) is a species of cold-water fish with important
economic values, widely cultivated worldwide. However, the outbreak of infectious …

Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), an economically important cold-water fish cultured
worldwide, suffers from infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV) infection, resulting in …