BACKGROUND Evolution is a strongly historical process, and evolutionary biology is a field
that combines history and science. How the historical nature of evolution affects the …

Scientific activities take place within the structured sets of ideas and assumptions that define
a field and its practices. The conceptual framework of evolutionary biology emerged with the …

Trade-offs and constraints are inherent to life, and studies of these phenomena play a
central role in both organismal and evolutionary biology. Trade-offs can be defined …

In recent years, scientists have realized that evolution can occur on timescales much shorter
than the" long lapse of ages" emphasized by Darwin—in fact, evolutionary change is …

A broad diversity of biological organisms and systems interact with soil in ways that facilitate
their growth and survival. These interactions are made possible by strategies that enable …

Human cooperation is highly unusual. We live in large groups composed mostly of non-
relatives. Evolutionists have proposed a number of explanations for this pattern, including …

A quantitative approach to species coexistence based on the invasibility criterion has led to
an appreciation of coexistence mechanisms in terms of stabilizing and equalizing …

Many studies have recorded phenotypic changes in natural populations and attributed them
to climate change. However, controversy and uncertainty has arisen around three levels of …

Reef corals are highly sensitive to heat, yet populations resistant to climate change have
recently been identified. To determine the mechanisms of temperature tolerance, we …

Research on growing American political polarization and antipathy primarily studies public
institutions and political processes, ignoring private effects, including strained family ties …