Organismal solutions to natural challenges can spark creative engineering applications.
However, most engineers are not experts in organismal biology, creating a potential barrier …

Locomotion is a key aspect associated with ecologically relevant tasks for many organisms,
therefore, survival often depends on their ability to perform well at these tasks. Despite this …

Determining how variation in morphology affects animal performance (and ultimately fitness)
is key to understanding the complete process of evolutionary adaptation. Long tails have …

Evolutionary reversals, including re-evolution of lost structures, are commonly found in
phylogenetic studies. However, we lack an understanding of how these reversals happen …

Synopsis Elongate, snake-or eel-like, body forms have evolved convergently many times in
most major lineages of vertebrates. Despite studies of various clades with elongate species …

The movement of limbless terrestrial animals differs fundamentally from that of limbed
animals, yet few scaling studies of their locomotor kinematics and morphology are available …

Independent origins of similar phenotypes are ubiquitous to the evolutionary process and
evoke strong and recurrent environmental associations. Snakelike lizards evolved multiple …

Variation in joint shape and soft tissue can alter range of motion (ROM) and create trade-offs
between stability and flexibility. The shape of the distinctive zygosphene–zygantrum joint of …

The geometry of the musculoskeletal system, such as moment arms and linkages,
determines the link between muscular functions and external mechanical results, but as the …

Simple Summary The cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) flows through and around the central
nervous system to nourish, cleanse, and support the brain and spinal cord. Though …