Tumor-associated macrophages are an abundant cell type in the tumor microenvironment.
These macrophages serve as a promising target for treatment of cancer due to their roles in …

Interferons are cytokines that have antiviral, antiproliferative and immunomodulatory effects.
Because of these important properties, in the past two decades, major research efforts have …

Small GTP-binding proteins (G proteins) exist in eukaryotes from yeast to human and
constitute a superfamily consisting of more than 100 members. This superfamily is …

▪ Abstract Natural killer (NK) cells are populations of lymphocytes that can be activated to
mediate significant levels of cytotoxic activity and produce high levels of certain cytokines …

Guanine nucleotide-exchange factors (GEFs) are directly responsible for the activation of
Rho-family GTPases in response to diverse extracellular stimuli, and ultimately regulate …

The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) signaling pathway is one of the most important
pathways that regulate growth, survival, proliferation, and differentiation in mammalian cells …

The Rho GTPases form a subgroup of the Ras superfamily of 20-to 30-kD GTP-binding
proteins that have been shown to regulate a wide spectrum of cellular functions. These …

Rho GTPases control many aspects of cell behavior through the regulation of multiple signal
transduction pathways (Van Aelst and D'Souza-Schorey 1997; Hall 1998). Rho, Rac, and …

Despite extensive study, several of the major components involved in T cell receptor–
mediated signaling remain unidentified. Here we report the cloning of the cDNA for a highly …

The leukocyte Fcγ receptor (FcγR)-mediated response is important for the efficacy of
therapeutic antibodies; however, little is known about the role of FcγRs in other cell types …