The Sun is a variable active-dynamo star, emitting radiation in all wavelengths and solar-
wind plasma to the interplanetary space. The Earth is immersed in this radiation and solar …

Abstract The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Global‐scale
Observations of the Limb and Disk (GOLD) satellite takes far‐ultraviolet images of the Earth …

The nighttime ionospheric response to a geomagnetic storm that occurred on 23–29
September 2020 is investigated over the South American, Atlantic, and West African …

A photometric technique to obtain daytime optical airglow emissions is described. Airglow
emissions occur naturally due to photochemical and chemiluminescent processes taking …

The equatorial-and low-latitude thermospheric dynamics is affected by both equatorial
electrodynamics and neutral wave dynamics, the relative variation of which is dependent on …

Each day the Global‐scale Observations of the Limb and Disk imager observes the
equatorial ionization anomaly (EIA) near sunset from∼ 10° E to∼ 80° W geographic …

Earth's upper atmosphere over low latitudes is influenced by the equatorial electrodynamics.
Its influence can also be modulated by the thermospheric winds. The effect of these two …

The equatorial spread‐F (ESF) refers to the spread observed in return echoes of ionograms.
Such spread in reflected echoes is found both in range and frequency, which can last for a …

The equatorial upper atmospheric dynamic processes show both latitudinal and longitudinal
variabilities. While the variability in latitudes can exist over small distances (approximately …

A coronal mass ejection erupted from the Sun on 21 April 2023 and created a G4
geomagnetic storm on 23 April. NASA's global‐scale observations of the limb and disk …