A wide array of microorganisms, including many novel, phylogenetically deeply rooted taxa,
survive and thrive in extreme environments. These unique and reduced-complexity …

The Earth's cryosphere comprises those regions that are cold enough for water to turn into
ice. Recent findings show that the icy realms of polar oceans, glaciers and ice sheets are …

Glaciers and ice sheets, like other biomes, occupy a significant area of the planet and
harbour biological communities with distinct interactions and feedbacks with their physical …

Cold environments represent the majority of the biosphere on Earth and have been
successfully colonized by psychrophilic microorganisms that are able to thrive at low …

Antarctica plays a central role in regulating global climatic and oceanographic patterns and
is an integral part of global climate change discussions. The functioning of Antarctica's …

The tundra is the coldest biome described in typical geography and biology textbooks.
Within the cryosphere, there are large expanses of ice in the Antarctic, Arctic and alpine …

Fungi are ubiquitous components of indoor human environments, where most contact
between humans and microbes occurs. The majority of these organisms apparently play a …

Cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) are Gram-negative oxygenic photosynthetic prokaryotes
with a long evolutionary history. They have potential applications in diverse areas …

The phylogenetic resolution at which microorganisms display geographic endemism, the
rates at which they disperse at global scales, and the role of humans on global microbial …

The Earth's biosphere is dominated by cold environments, and the cold biosphere is
dominated by microorganisms. Microorganisms in cold Southern Ocean waters are …