Male genitalia show patterns of divergent evolution, and sexual selection is recognised as
being responsible for this taxonomically widespread phenomenon. Much of the empirical …

Genital coevolution between the sexes is expected to be common because of the direct
interaction between male and female genitalia during copulation. Here we review the …

Instances of sexual size dimorphism (SSD) provide the context for rigorous tests of biological
rules of size evolution, such as Cope's rule (phyletic size increase), Rensch's rule (allometric …

Low female mating frequencies often appear to be cases of direct male induction that can
oppose female interests. Mating plugs are most obvious means leading to low degrees of …

Male genitalia exhibit patterns of divergent evolution driven by sexual selection. In contrast,
for many taxonomic groups, female genitalia are relatively uniform and their patterns of …

Animal genitalia show two striking but incompletely understood evolutionary trends: a great
evolutionary divergence in the shape of genitalic structures, and characteristic structural …

Background The arthropod class Diplopoda is a mega-diverse group comprising> 12,000
described millipede species. The history of taxonomic research within the group is …

The male reproductive system and spermatozoa of spiders are known for their high
structural diversity. Spider spermatozoa are flagellate and males transfer them to females in …

The study of genital diversity has experienced rapidly burgeoning attention over the past few
decades. This research has shown that male genitalia in internally fertilizing animals exhibit …

This paper discusses methods to take into account interactions between characters, in the
context of parsimony analysis. These interactions can be in the form of some characters …