Postmenopausal osteoporosis is a systemic disease characterized by the loss of bone mass
and increased bone fracture risk largely resulting from significantly reduced levels of the …

Osteoporosis is the most prevalent metabolic bone disease that affects half the women in the
sixth and seventh decade of life. Osteoporosis is characterized by uncoupled bone …

Osteoporosis develops when the rate of osteoclastic bone breakdown (resorption) exceeds
that of osteoblastic bone formation, which leads to loss of BMD and deterioration of bone …

Background Whether the reported high risk of age-related diseases in HIV-infected people is
caused by biological ageing or HIV-associated risk factors such as chronic immune …

Although it has long been recognized that inflammation, a consequence of immune‐driven
processes, significantly impacts bone turnover, the degree of centralization of skeletal and …

Background. Specific antiretroviral therapy (ART) medications and the severity of human
immunodeficiency virus (HIV) disease before treatment contribute to bone mineral density …

Objective: Antiretroviral therapy (ART) paradoxically intensifies bone loss in the setting of
HIV infection. Although the extent of bone loss varies, it occurs with virtually all ART types …

Background. Bone mineral density (BMD) decreases 2%–6% in the 2 years after
antiretroviral therapy (ART) initiation. Pre-ART immune deficiency and early immune …

Cellular senescence is a key biological process characterized by irreversible cell cycle
arrest. The accumulation of senescent cells creates a pro-inflammatory environment that can …

The introduction of HAART has represented a major advance in the care of people with HIV.
By markedly increasing life expectancy, HAART has significantly changed the pattern of HIV …