Like all other vertebrate groups, amphibian responses to the environment are mediated
through the brain (hypothalamic)-pituitary-adrenal/interrenal (HPA/I) axis and the …

Amphibians across the planet face the threat of population decline and extirpation caused
by the disease chytridiomycosis. Despite consensus that the fungal pathogens responsible …

Background Microglia are resident myeloid cells in the CNS that are activated by infection,
neuronal injury, and inflammation. Established BV2 microglial cell lines have been the …

Numerous factors are contributing to the loss of biodiversity. These include complex effects
of multiple abiotic and biotic stressors that may drive population losses. These losses are …

Amphibians are at the forefront of bridging the evolutionary gap between mammals and
more ancient, jawed vertebrates. Currently, several diseases have targeted amphibians and …

Macrophages constitute a heterogeneous population of myeloid cells that are essential for
maintaining homeostasis and as a first line of innate responders controlling and organizing …

Amphibians are among the vertebrate groups suffering great losses of biodiversity due to a
variety of causes including diseases, such as chytridiomycosis (caused by the fungal …

Coinfections are increasingly recognized as important drivers of disease dynamics.
Consequently, greater emphasis has been placed on integrating principles from community …

The stress-induced susceptibility hypothesis, which predicts chronic stress weakens immune
defences, was proposed to explain increasing infectious disease-related mass mortality and …

Ranaviruses (family Iridoviridae) were discovered serendipitously during an attempt to
generate frog kidney cell cultures for the propagation of Lucke herpesvirus, an oncogenic …