Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common type of dementia and is characterized by the
accumulation of amyloid (Aβ) plaques and neurofibrillary tangles in the brain. Much attention …

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by brain deposition of amyloid plaques and tau
neurofibrillary tangles along with steady cognitive decline. Synaptic damage, an early …

Although being a physiologically important excitatory neurotransmitter, glutamate plays a
pivotal role in various neurological disorders including ischemic neurological diseases. Its …

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is considered the sixth leading cause of death in elderly patients
and is characterized by progressive neuronal degeneration and impairment in memory …

Calcium is involved in many facets of neuronal physiology, including activity, growth and
differentiation, synaptic plasticity, and learning and memory, as well as pathophysiology …

Under physiological conditions, neurotransmitters shape neuronal networks and control
several cellular and synaptic functions. In the mammalian central nervous system (CNS) …

Post-mortem studies conducted over the past 15 years suggest that apoptosis could play a
role in the pathophysiology of bipolar disorder (BD) and, to a lesser degree, schizophrenia …

It has been accepted that kidney function is connected with brain activity. In clinical studies,
chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients have been found to be prone to suffering cognitive …

Intracerebroventricular (ICV) injection of streptozotocin (STZ) causes cognitive impairment in
rats. ICV STZ is known to impair cholinergic neurotransmission by decreasing choline …

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are produced in mammalian cells through enzymic and non‐
enzymic mechanisms. Although some ROS production pathways are needed for specific …