Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is defined by a low glomerular filtration rate or high
albuminuria, and affects 15–20% of adults globally. CKD increases the risk of various …

Peripheral artery disease (PAD) is a prevalent condition that confers substantial morbidity
and mortality and remains underdiagnosed as well as undertreated in the overall …

The current novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is revealing profound
differences between men and women in disease outcomes worldwide. In the United States …

Importance If we assume that women and men exhibit variations of the same fundamental
vascular physiology, then conventional analyses of subclinical measures would suggest that …

Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory vascular disease and the predominant cause of
heart attack and ischemic stroke. Despite the well-known sexual dimorphism in the …

Epidemiologic studies have previously suggested that premenopausal females have
reduced incidence of cardiovascular disease (CVD) when compared to age-matched males …

Elevated cardiovascular risk including stroke, heart failure, and heart attack is present even
after normalization of blood pressure in patients with hypertension. Underlying immune cell …

Although intrinsic mechanisms that regulate arterial blood pressure (BP) are similar in men
and women, marked variations exist at the molecular, cellular and tissue levels. These …

Abstract In May 2014, the National Institutes of Health (NIH) stated its intent to “require
applicants to consider sex as a biological variable (SABV) in the design and analysis of NIH …

Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease is a major cause of death among humans. Animal
models have shown that cholesterol and inflammation are causatively involved in the …