Purinergic signalling, ie, the role of nucleotides as extracellular signalling molecules, was
proposed in 1972. However, this concept was not well accepted until the early 1990's when …

This review is focused on purinergic neurotransmission, ie, ATP released from nerves as a
transmitter or cotransmitter to act as an extracellular signaling molecule on both pre-and …

Purinergic receptors, represented by several families, are arguably the most abundant
receptors in living organisms and appeared early in evolution. After slow acceptance …

The detrusor smooth muscle is the main muscle component of the urinary bladder wall. Its
ability to contract over a large length interval and to relax determines the bladder function …

The urothelium, which lines the renal pelvis, ureters, urinary bladder, and proximal urethra,
forms a high-resistance but adaptable barrier that surveils its mechanochemical …

Introduction The normal bladder functions, storage and elimination of urine, are based on a
coordinated interplay of reciprocal contraction and relaxation of the bladder and the outflow …

The concept of a purinergic signaling system, using purine nucleotides and nucleosides as
extracellular messengers, was first proposed over 30 years ago. After a brief introduction …

Purpose: Botulinum neurotoxin type A (BoNT/A) is effective in the treatment of intractable
detrusor overactivity (DO). In addition to its known inhibitory effect on presynaptic release of …

The storage and periodic elimination of urine, termed micturition, requires a complex neural
control system to coordinate the activities of the urinary bladder, urethra, and urethral …

The lower urinary tract constitutes a functional unit controlled by a complex interplay
between the central and peripheral nervous systems and local regulatory factors. In the …