This comprehensive Review focuses on the key challenges and recent progress regarding
sodium-metal anodes employed in sodium-metal batteries (SMBs). The metal anode is the …

The development of high‐energy density batteries is critical to the decarbonization of the
transportation and power generation sectors. For any given lithium‐containing cathode …

Because of the high abundance, cost-effectiveness and low redox potential of Na,
rechargeable Na metal batteries (NMBs) are considered an ideal alternative and …

Sodium metal anodes have attracted significant attention due to their high specific capacity
(1166 mA hg− 1), low redox potential (− 2.71 V vs the standard hydrogen electrode), and …

Rechargeable Na-based battery systems, including Na-ion batteries, room temperature Na–
S, Na–O2, Na–CO2, and all-solid-state Na metal batteries, have attracted significant …

Conventional lithium‐ion batteries have approached their capacity and energy density limits.
Use of lithium metal anode can enable high‐energy batteries. However, the safety hazards …

Anode-free batteries possess the optimal cell architecture due to their reduced weight,
volume and cost. However, their implementation has been limited by unstable anode …

Sodium metal batteries (SMBs) are attracting extensive attention for large‐scale energy
storage due to the abundant reserves and low cost of sodium. However, the inevitable side …

Anode-free batteries are emerging and have attracted great attention due to their high
theoretical energy density, simplified structure and minimizing cost. However, some key …

Rechargeable sodium (Na) based batteries have gained tremendous research interest
because of the high natural abundance and low cost of Na resources, as well as …