Mental disorders such as anxiety and depression induced by chronic pain are common in
clinical practice, and there are significant sex differences in their epidemiology. However …

The descending pain modulatory pathway exerts important bidirectional control of
nociceptive inputs to dampen and/or facilitate the perception of pain. The ventrolateral …

Pain is a key non-motor feature of Parkinson's disease (PD) that significantly impacts on life
quality. The mechanisms underlying chronic pain in PD are poorly understood, hence the …

Restless legs syndrome (RLS) is responsive to opioid, dopaminergic and iron-based
treatments. Receptor blocker studies in RLS patients suggest that the therapeutic efficacy of …

Dopamine (DA), its derivatives, and dopaminergic drugs are compounds widely used in the
management of diseases related to the nervous system. However, DA receptors have been …

Chronic pain is considered an economic burden on society as it often results in disability, job
loss, and early retirement. Opioids are the most common analgesics prescribed for the …

Objective Migraine is a primary headache disorder with a well-known association with
insufficient sleep. However, both the underlying pathophysiology of the disease and the …

Spontaneous blink rate is considered a biomarker of central dopaminergic activity. Recent
evidence suggests that the central dopaminergic system plays a role in nociception. In the …

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Dopamine (DA) and dopamine agonists (DA-Ag) have shown antiangiogenic potential
through the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) pathway. They inhibit VEGF and …