Although considered an inactive state for centuries, sleep entails many active processes
occurring at the cellular, circuit and organismal levels. Over the last decade, several key …

Astrocytes are a large and diverse population of morphologically complex cells that exist
throughout nervous systems of multiple species. Progress over the last two decades has …

The ventral tegmental area (VTA) is well known for regulating reward consumption, learning,
memory, and addiction behaviors through mediating dopamine (DA) release in downstream …

In mice, social defeat stress (SDS), an ethological model for psychosocial stress, induces
sleep. Such sleep could enable resilience, but how stress promotes sleep is unclear. Activity …

The prefrontal cortex (PFC) enables mammals to respond to situations, including internal
states, with appropriate actions. One such internal state could be 'tiredness'. Here, using …

The arousal state of the brain covaries with the motor state of the animal. How these state
changes are coordinated remains unclear. We discovered that sleep–wake brain states and …

Hypocretin/orexin neurons are distributed restrictively in the hypothalamus, a brain region
known to orchestrate diverse functions including sleep, reward processing, food intake …

The ventral pallidum (VP) regulates motivation, drug addiction, and several behaviors that
rely on heightened arousal. However, the role and underlying neural circuits of the VP in the …

Sleep is essential for health. Indeed, poor sleep is consistently linked to the development of
systemic disease, including depression, metabolic syndrome, and cognitive impairments …

Orexins, or hypocretins, are excitatory neuropeptides involved in the regulation of feeding
behavior and the sleep and wakefulness states. Since their discovery, several lines of …