The history of brain drug delivery is reviewed beginning with the first demonstration, in 1914,
that a drug for syphilis, salvarsan, did not enter the brain, due to the presence of a blood …

The blood-brain barrier (BBB) mediates the communication between the periphery and the
central nervous system (CNS). Recently, CNS insulin resistance has been elucidated to play …

Since its discovery over 100 years ago, insulin has been recognized as a key hormone in
control of glucose homeostasis. Deficiencies of insulin signaling are central to diabetes and …

It is widely recognized that obesity and associated metabolic changes are considered a risk
factor to age-associated cognitive decline. Inflammation and increased oxidative stress in …

Insulin acts on neurons and glial cells to regulate systemic glucose metabolism and feeding.
However, the mechanisms of insulin access in discrete brain regions are incompletely …

Key points Insulin enters the brain from the blood via a saturable transport system. It is
unclear how insulin is transported across the blood–brain barrier (BBB). Using two models …

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is common and increasing in prevalence worldwide, with
devastating public health consequences. While peripheral insulin resistance is a key feature …

Central response to insulin is suspected to be defective in Alzheimer's disease. As most
insulin is secreted in the bloodstream by the pancreas, its capacity to regulate brain …

The blood–brain barrier (BBB) has a pivotal role in maintaining brain homeostasis. It
robustly protects the brain parenchyma against the invasion of irrelevant substances, which …

Dysfunctional signaling in midbrain reward circuits perpetuates diseases characterized by
compulsive overconsumption of rewarding substances such as substance abuse, binge …