Smad transcription factors lie at the core of one of the most versatile cytokine signaling
pathways in metazoan biology—the transforming growth factor-β (TGFβ) pathway. Recent …

Members of the TGF-β superfamily, which includes TGF-βs, growth differentiation factors,
bone morphogenetic proteins, activins, inhibins, and glial cell line-derived neurotrophic …

Pyruvate kinase M2 (PKM2) is an alternatively spliced variant of the pyruvate kinase gene
that is preferentially expressed during embryonic development and in cancer cells. PKM2 …

Spermatogenesis is a cyclic process in which diploid spermatogonia differentiate into
haploid spermatozoa. This process is highly regulated, notably at the post-transcriptional …

Two subtypes of the estrogen receptor (ER), ERα and ERβ, mediate the actions of
estrogens, and although 70% of human breast cancers express ERβ along with ERα, little is …

In the mid-1990s, whole-cell pertussis (wP) vaccines were associated with local and
systemic adverse events that prompted their replacement with acellular pertussis (aP) …

Mesangial cell activation is a predominant pathologic feature of diabetic nephropathy that
precedes the accumulation of extracellular matrix leading to glomerulosclerosis. For …

Transforming Growth Factor β1 (TGFβ1) is a crucial cytokine triggering myofibroblastic (MF)
differentiation, a process involved in tissue healing as well as in pathologic conditions such …

Through the use of donor cells from transgenic rats expressing GFP exclusively in the
germline, we have defined culture conditions where male germ cells lose (on STO cells) or …

TGF-β-induced factor homeobox 2 (TGIF2) is a transcription regulator that plays essential
roles in the regulation of development and cell fate decisions. Aberrant expression of TGIF …