The gut microbial community (Gut microbiota) is known to impact metabolic functions as well
as immune responses in our body. Diet plays an important role in determining the …

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome
coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has spread rapidly worldwide, seriously endangering human …

Immunization with synthetic mRNA encoding tumor-associated antigens is an emerging
vaccine strategy for the treatment of cancer. In order to prevent mRNA degradation, promote …

Mucosal delivery of antigens can induce both humoral and cellular immune responses.
Particularly, the nasal cavity is a strongly inductive site for mucosal immunity among several …

The gut microbiota is often mentioned as a “forgotten organ” or “metabolic organ”, given its
profound impact on host physiology, metabolism, immune function and nutrition. A healthy …

Multiple vaccine platforms have been employed to develop the nasal SARS-CoV-2 vaccines
in preclinical studies, and the dominating pipelines are viral vectored as protein-based …

Viruses, bacteria, fungi, and several other pathogenic microorganisms usually infect the host
via the surface cells of respiratory mucosa. Nasal vaccination could provide a strong …

Salmonella Typhimurium is a causative agent of nontyphoidal salmonellosis, for which there
is a lack of a clinically approved vaccine in humans. As an intracellular pathogen …

COVID-19, caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has
gained global attention. SARS-CoV-2 identifies and invades human cells via angiotensin …

We overviewed the anatomy and physiology of the nose-to-brain pathway, along with the
mechanisms involved. We then summarized the interaction process between nanoparticles …