Astrocytes are neural cells of ectodermal, neuroepithelial origin that provide for homeostasis
and defense of the central nervous system (CNS). Astrocytes are highly heterogeneous in …

Lactate in the brain has long been associated with ischaemia; however, more recent
evidence shows that it can be found there under physiological conditions. In the brain …

Brain cells normally respond adaptively to bioenergetic challenges resulting from ongoing
activity in neuronal circuits, and from environmental energetic stressors such as food …

APOE4 is the greatest genetic risk factor for late-onset Alzheimer's disease (AD), increasing
the risk of developing the disease by 3-fold in the 14% of the population that are carriers …

Glucose is the main energy substrate for the brain. There is now extensive evidence
indicating that the metabolic profile of neural cells with regard to glucose utilization and …

The energy requirements of the brain are very high, and tight regulatory mechanisms
operate to ensure adequate spatial and temporal delivery of energy substrates in register …

We report that, in the rat hippocampus, learning leads to a significant increase in
extracellular lactate levels that derive from glycogen, an energy reserve selectively localized …

Human studies consistently identify bioenergetic maladaptations in brains upon aging and
neurodegenerative disorders of aging (NDAs), such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's …

The current knowledge of the normal biochemistry of compounds that give rise to
resonances in human brain proton magnetic resonance spectra measureable at readily …

Glycogen is a branched polymer of glucose that acts as a store of energy in times of
nutritional sufficiency for utilization in times of need. Its metabolism has been the subject of …