The RAS/RAF/MEK/ERK (MAPK) signaling cascade is essential for cell inter-and intra-
cellular communication, which regulates fundamental cell functions such as growth, survival …

The modification of eukaryotic proteins by isoprenoid lipids, which is known as prenylation,
controls the localization and activity of a range of proteins that have crucial functions in …

In 2008, we published the first set of guidelines for standardizing research in autophagy.
Since then, this topic has received increasing attention, and many scientists have entered …

Dying cells often display a large-scale accumulation of autophagosomes and hence adopt a
morphology called autophagic cell death. In many cases, it is agreed that this autophagic …

The RAS oncogenes (HRAS, NRAS and KRAS) comprise the most frequently mutated class
of oncogenes in human cancers (33%), thus stimulating intensive effort in developing anti …

The study of autophagy is rapidly expanding, and our knowledge of the molecular
mechanism and its connections to a wide range of physiological processes has increased …

For more than a century, thyroid hormones (THs) have been known to exert powerful
catabolic effects, leading to weight loss. Although much has been learned about the …

The mevalonate–isoprenoid–cholesterol biosynthesis pathway plays a key role in human
health and disease. The importance of this pathway is underscored by the discovery that two …

Methylcobalamin is a vitamin B12 analog and is necessary for the maintenance of the
nervous system. Although some previous studies have referred to the effects of …

Prostate cancer is a leading cause of death worldwide and new estimates revealed prostate
cancer as the leading cause of death in men in 2021. Therefore, new strategies are pertinent …