X-ray computed tomography (CT) can reveal the internal details of objects in three
dimensions non-destructively. In this Primer, we outline the basic principles of CT and …

Recent years have seen significant progress in the field of soft-and hard-X-ray microscopy,
both technically, through developments in source, optics and imaging methodologies, and …

Phase objects are readily imaged through Fresnel diffraction in the hard x-ray beams of third-
generation synchrotron radiation sources such as the ESRF, due essentially to the very …

An x-ray interferometer has been developed that uses two transmission phase gratings to
analyze wave front distortions in the hard x-ray range. The interferometer is insensitive to …

Much of our understanding of the atomic-scale magnetic structure and the dynamical
properties of solids and liquids was gained from neutron-scattering studies. Elastic and …

The resolution of transmission X-ray microscopes (TXMs) using zone plate optics is
presently about 30nm. Theory and experiments presented here show that this resolution can …

Radiation therapy has important applications in curative, adjuvant, and palliative therapy for
a wide range of malignant conditions. Evidence of radiation therapy may be seen on …

Soft X-ray tomography (SXT) is ideally suited to imaging sub-cellular architecture and
organization, particularly in eukaryotic cells. SXT is similar in concept to the well-established …

We outline a new approach to X‐ray projection microscopy in a scanning electron
microscope (SEM), which exploits phase contrast to boost the quality and information …

Advances in microscopy techniques based on x-rays have opened unprecedented
opportunities in terms of spatial resolution, combined with chemical and morphology …