The number of preferential trade agreements (PTAs) has skyrocketed over the past 20 years.
In addition to reducing barriers at the border, modern PTAs remove many behind-the-border …

The design of international institutions varies in many ways: Institutions can be more or less
formal, flexible, independent, precise, inclusive, centralized, and so on. This article classifies …

Why do international organizations (IOs) look so different, yet so similar? The possibilities
are diverse. Some international organizations have just a few member states, while others …

Preferential trade agreements (PTAs) have been proliferating for the last twenty years. A
large literature has studied various aspects of this phenomenon. Until recently, however …

Starting from the observation that the European Union now possesses many of the attributes
of modern political systems, Hix and Høyland take an innovative approach to analysing …

This contribution re-engages grand theories of integration that have been developed with
the European experience in mind. We ask to what extent these theories travel beyond …

This article introduces a new dataset on transnational public-private governance initiatives
(TGIs) in world politics. TGIs are institutions in which states and/or intergovernmental …

This article documents systematic deviations from standard models of trade politics, each of
which has the effect of undermining sustained efforts at coherent industrial opposition to …

Regime complexity characterizes the international system, as many international
organizations (IOs) overlap in membership and competencies at the same time. Unmanaged …

This research note presents a new dataset on the speed of tariff liberalization in sixty-one
preferential trade agreements (PTAs) signed by fifty states and regional economic …