The ancestors of modern cyanobacteria invented O2-generating photosynthesis some 3.6
billion years ago. The conversion of water and CO2 into energy-rich sugars and O2 slowly …

Most chloroplast proteins are encoded in the nucleus and synthesized on free, cytosolic
ribosomes in precursor form. Each precursor has an amino‐terminal extension called a …

The TOC and TIC complexes are essential translocons that facilitate the import of the
nuclear genome-encoded preproteins across the two envelope membranes of chloroplast …

Chloroplasts require protein translocons at the outer and inner envelope membranes,
termed TOC and TIC, respectively, to import thousands of cytoplasmically synthesized …

Chloroplasts are organelles of endosymbiotic origin, and they transferred most of their
genetic information to the host nucleus during this process. They therefore have to import …

Most proteins in chloroplasts are encoded by the nuclear genome and synthesized as
precursors with N-terminal targeting signals called transit peptides. Novel machinery has …

Light triggers the developmental programme in plants that leads to the production of
photosynthetically active chloroplasts from non-photosynthetic proplastids. During this …

Plastids are ubiquitous plant cell organelles that perform many essential functions.
Chloroplasts are the most complex type of plastid, both structurally and functionally …

Modulation of photosynthesis and chloroplast biogenesis, by low and high temperatures,
was studied in 12-d-old pea (Pisum sativum) plants grown at 25° C and subsequently …

Intra-plastid proteolysis is essential in plastid biogenesis, differentiation and plastid protein
homeostasis (proteostasis). We provide a comprehensive review of the Clp protease system …