Highlights•Global experimental and modeling studies show effects of cofactors.•Ferredoxin
reactions are energetically efficient routes to reduced products.•Protein engineering of …

Significance: The thioredoxin (TRX) and glutathione (GSH) pathways are universally
conserved thiol-reductase systems that drive an array of cellular functions involving …

Iron–sulfur clusters are essential cofactors of proteins. In eukaryotes, iron–sulfur cluster
biogenesis requires a mitochondrial iron–sulfur cluster machinery (ISC) and a cytoplasmic …

For iron-sulfur (Fe-S) cluster synthesis in mitochondria, the sulfur is derived from the amino
acid cysteine by the cysteine desulfurase activity of Nfs1. The enzyme binds the substrate …

Coenzyme Q (Q), an essential component of eukaryotic cells, is synthesized by several
enzymes from the precursor 4-hydroxybenzoic acid. Mutations in six of the Q biosynthesis …

Crop protection anilinopyrimidine (AP) fungicides were introduced more than 20 years ago
for the control of a range of diseases caused by ascomycete plant pathogens, and in …

Human lung tumors exhibit robust and complex mitochondrial metabolism, likely precipitated
by the highly oxygenated nature of pulmonary tissue. As ROS generation is a byproduct of …

Butanetriol (BT) is used as a precursor for the synthesis of various pharmaceuticals and the
energetic plasticizer 1, 2, 4‐butanetriol trinitrate. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, BT is …

Iron–sulfur cluster (ISC) assembly occurs in both mitochondria and cytosol. Mitochondria are
thought to export a low-molecular-mass (LMM) iron and/or sulfur species which is used as a …

Botrytis cinerea causes gray mold on thousands of plants, leading to huge losses in
production. Anilinopyrimidine (AP) fungicides have been applied to control B. cinerea since …