Clinical conditions causing hair loss, such as androgenetic alopecia, alopecia areata, and
scarring alopecia, can be psychologically devastating to individuals and are the target of a …

Androgens are required for sexual hair and sebaceous gland development. However,
pilosebaceous unit (PSU) growth and differentiation require the interaction of androgen with …

Abstract β-Catenin is an essential molecule in Wnt/wingless signaling, which controls
decisive steps in embryogenesis. To study the role of β-catenin in skin development, we …

Mutations in WNT effector genes perturb hair follicle morphogenesis, suggesting key roles
for WNT proteins in this process. We show that expression of Wnts 10b and 10a is …

The skin and its appendages constitute the largest organ of the body. Its stratified epithelia
offer protection from environmental stresses such as dehydration, irradiation, mechanical …

Progress on the evolutionary origin and diversification of feathers has been hampered by
conceptual problems and by the lack of plesiomorphic feather fossils. Recently, both of these …

The Wnt–beta-catenin pathway regulates cell adhesion, morphology, proliferation, migration
and structural remodeling. The aspects of the canonical and non-canonical pathways are …

Integuments form the boundary between an organism and the environment. The evolution of
novel developmental mechanisms in integuments and appendages allows animals to live in …

The feather is a complex ectodermal organ with hierarchical branching patterns. It provides
functions in endothermy, communication, and flight. Studies of feather growth, cycling, and …

Periodic patterning is a fundamental organizing process in biology. Using a feather
reconstitution assay, we traced back to the initial stage of the patterning process. Cells …