Inflammation is an integral part of animal biology. It provides critical protection from adverse
environmental factors by enforcing the defense of homeostasis and the functional and …

Transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) is a key cytokine regulating the development,
activation, proliferation, differentiation, and death of T cells. In CD4+ T cells, TGF-β maintains …

Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells have demonstrated promising efficacy, particularly
in hematologic malignancies. One challenge regarding CAR T cells in solid tumors is the …

Following their exit from the thymus, T cells are endowed with potent effector functions but
must spare host tissue from harm. The fate of these cells is dictated by a series of …

The transforming growth factor-β (TGFβ) superfamily is encoded by 33 genes and includes
TGFβ, bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) and activins. Although TGFβ is well recognized …

Many drugs that target transforming growth factor-β (TGFβ) signalling have been developed,
some of which have reached Phase III clinical trials for a number of disease applications …

Checkpoint blockade elicits durable responses in immunogenic cancers, but it is largely
ineffective in immunologically 'cold'tumours. Here we report the design, synthesis and …

CD4+ Foxp3+ regulatory T-cells (Tregs) are a unique subset of helper T-cells, which
regulate immune response and establish peripheral tolerance. Tregs not only maintain the …

Regulatory T cells (Tregs) and the PD‐1: PD‐ligand (PD‐L) pathway are both critical to
terminating immune responses. Elimination of either can result in the breakdown of …

Both the programmed death (PD) 1–PD-ligand (PD-L) pathway and regulatory T (T reg) cells
are instrumental to the maintenance of peripheral tolerance. We demonstrate that PD-L1 has …